Getting the Incentives Right
One of the biggest problems in the energy industry today seems to be setting the incentives to achieve what we'd like to the maximum extent possible without introducing other problems. I just found an interesting article on some incentives for solar power that are having unintended consequences, so will focus on that. The problem is really broader than just solar energy, but the article provides a good case study for how good intentions can produce suboptimal results.
The New York Times just published an article called, appropriately, "How Grid Efficiency Went South." The article covers some of the same ground we've been hearing a lot about recently, namely, the negative pricing that nuclear plants have suffered in some markets when demand is low and renewable energy sources are producing too much electricity.
More interestingly, though, the article points to another problem I had not seem discussed before--namely, that the rules for buying solar power that is input to the grid by private solar collectors create an incentive that results in less total energy production than could be generated. Namely, the incentives create a discrepancy between what is best for the owners of the solar panels and what is best for the overall energy supply. Most solar panels, the article explains, are oriented to the south so they catch the maximum amount of solar energy as the sun transits from the southeast to the southwest during the course of the day. That generates the most energy, and therefore, earns the owners the most money.
Sounds good, right? Well, maybe not so much. The article points out that the greatest demand is often in the afternoon, when the sun has heated the world up and more air conditioning is needed. By then, the sun is hitting solar panels at an oblique angle, and they are generating less electricity. To maximize production, the panels should be oriented in a more westerly direction, so they have more output when the demand is higher. However, that would result in a somewhat lower total generation, and under current pricing rules, a somewhat smaller income for the owner.
(The article did not address seasonal variations. In winter, the demand for heating would be less in the afternoon when the atmosphere has heated up. However, most home heating is supplied by natural gas or oil. Therefore, the heating season is probably not really relevant in this case.)
One can't blame the owner of the solar panel for wanting to maximize his or her return. The problem is that the incentive plan that was set up was too simplistic. More is usually better. It is also simpler. But it doesn't produce the maximum value overall. There are, of course, solutions to this problem. Just as electricity use can be priced according to the demand levels, so too, can electricity supply. Of course, the transition will not please those who have already installed their solar panels.
While this is a solar issue, it demonstrates some of the complexities we seem to keep missing when we put new rules in place. In a broader sense, it relates to the issues we discuss for nuclear power because the same kinds of short-sighted policies apply in other areas that do affect nuclear power. The negative pricing that I mentioned above is one such policy, but there are others as well that we have addressed in past blogs and will continue to address in the future.
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